Sensory Integration Explained: How It Affects Development and Well-Being

What is Sensory Integration?

Sensory integration is the process by which the brain organizes and responds to sensory information from the senses such as vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The brain receives information from these senses, which helps us understand who we are, where we are, and what's going on around and inside the body.

Sensory integration is the brain's ability to process and respond to sensory information from the body and environment. It's a foundation for human development and normal function.

Some of the senses involved in Sensory Integration:

• Touch – Also known as the tactile system, responsible for touch information from the body.
• Taste – Also known as the gustatory system, responsible for the sense of taste.
• Smell – Also known as the olfactory system, responsible for processing smell.
• Hearing – Also known as the auditory system, responsible for hearing.
• Vision – Also known as the visual system, responsible for seeing.
• Proprioception – The sense of position, location, orientation, and movement of the muscles and joints.
• Vestibular – The system that controls balance and orientation of the body in the environment.
• Interoception – The ability to understand internal body sensations, important for emotional regulation and self-awareness.

Sensory Challenges

Sensory challenges arise due to sensory processing issues, affecting how the brain receives and responds to sensory information. Some individuals may be hypersensitive (over-responsive) to certain sensory stimuli, while others may be hyposensitive (under-responsive).

Examples of Sensory Challenging Behaviors:

Hypersensitivity to Touch (Tactile Defensiveness):

• Avoiding certain textures
• Avoiding crowded places
• Dislikes kisses
• Avoids messy play
• Distressed about haircuts or nail trimming
• Picky eater
• Toe walking

Hyposensitivity to Touch (Under-Responsive):

• Touches everything
• Not bothered by injuries
• Mouthing objects
• Hurting others
• Loves messy play
• Excessive craving for preferred food

Sensory Overload

Sensory overload happens when one or more senses become overwhelmed, making it difficult for the brain to process information properly. It is associated with autism, ADHD, sensory processing disorder, PTSD, etc.

Symptoms of Sensory Overload:

• Difficulty focusing
• Extreme irritability
• Restlessness and discomfort
• Stress, fear, or anxiety
• Sensitivity to lights, noise, or clothing tags

The Role of Sensory Integration Therapy

Occupational therapy uses sensory integration techniques to help individuals improve sensory processing. It is commonly used for children with autism, ADHD, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, developmental delays, or anxiety disorders.

Therapists create controlled environments with specialized equipment to provide sensory experiences, developing individualized treatment plans. The goal is to enhance sensory processing, self-regulation, behavior, social skills, and communication.

Impact on Daily Functioning

Sensory challenges affect social interaction, communication, self-care skills, and behavior. Individuals may struggle with social situations, filtering background noise, and self-regulation. Simple daily activities can become difficult due to over or under sensitivities.

In the next blog, we will learn about sensory diet.

Written By: Dr. Sonali Parmar (Occupational Therapist at ICGC Mumbai)